Declaration of Independence from My Parents - 1033 Words

Bradley W. McCorkle English 3 Honors Mrs. Colagross 24 May 2013 Formal Speech of â€Å"Animal Farm† By: George Orwell Old Major, a prize-winning boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called â€Å"Beasts of England,† in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasm. When he dies only three nights after the meeting, three younger pigs, Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer formulate his main principles into a philosophy called Animalism. Late one†¦show more content†¦Symbols: Animal Farm Animal Farm, known at the beginning and the end of the novel as the Manor Farm, symbolizes Russia and the Soviet Union under Communist Party rule. But more generally, Animal Farm stands for any human society, be it capitalist, socialist, fascist, or communist. It possesses the internal structure of a nation, with a government (the pigs), a police force or army (the dogs), a working class (the other animals), and state holidays and rituals. Its location amid a number of hostile neighboring farms supports its symbolism as a political entity with diplomatic concerns. The Barn The barn at Animal Farm, on whose outside walls the pigs paint the Seven Commandments and, later, their revisions, represents the collective memory of a modern nation. The many scenes in which the ruling-class pigs alter the principles of Animalism and in which the working-class animals puzzle over but accept these changes represent the way an institution in power can revise a community’s concept of history to bolster its control. If the working class believes history to lie on the side of their oppressors, they are less likely to question oppressive practices. Moreover, the oppressors, by revising their nation’s conception of its origins and development, gain control of the nation’s very identity, and the oppressed soon come to depend upon the authorities for their communal sense of self. The Windmill The great windmill symbolizes theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Society: Ideal versus Real Essays1221 Words   |  5 Pagesthese are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness,† is a famous quote from Thomas Jefferson found in the Declaration of Independence. It claims everyone to be equal, and have certain rights that cannot be denied to them. Those are truths that America society has based itself on. The American Dream is derived from the Declaration of Independence in giving the pursuit of happiness through social mobility. Based on the Declaration, American society almost seems to be a utopia. It promises hope and aRead MoreThe Fifth Of August By Audre Lorde991 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the 4th of July, most Americans can say it was the day the Declaration of Independence was signed and with that declaration came their independence. With independence comes freedoms such as the pursuit of happiness, a promise of equality and so forth. Therefore, when one reads Audre Lordeâ€⠄¢s essay â€Å"The Fourth of July†, one would think it is about freedom or how the day is represented as a historic anniversary for independence in the United States. However, Lorde describes an appalling summerRead MoreWhen Children Are Young They Often Want To Run Away From1378 Words   |  6 Pagesare young they often want to run away from their parents. It might be because they do not like their rules or it be because they are being treated unfairly. In 1776, this is how the people of the thirteen colonies felt under British rule. King George the Third neglected the natural rights of the colonists. These rights include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It was because of this abuse that Thomas Jefferson wrote â€Å"The Declaration of Independence.† Inside the document, Jefferson listedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Summer 1103 Words   |  5 Pageswhen one yells out â€Å"if you don’t jump from the top you are a sissy.† Then one hears â €Å"ask Julie out first.† Another one shouts out â€Å"he won’t†¦.he’s gay.† Silence has now taken over the playground. Saved by the bell it was time to line up and go back to class. Now the final bell for the day has rung and ready to start the weekend and free from the teachers nagging voice. While having dinner chitchatting about one other’s day the young lad asks his parents if he could join the Boy Scouts. SuddenlyRead MoreThoughtful Questions and Answers on the Declaration of Independence for Government or U.S. History985 Words   |  4 Pagesis the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government†¦ Clearly describe three examples from any period of American History when Americans attempted to follow these words. One example of a time that Americans attempted to alter or change the U.S. Government was during the civil war. At this time, Southern (Confederate) states tried to withdraw from the u nion. Another example is how since the 1990s, Texas has had certain pleas to leave the nation and become the RepublicRead MoreParenting1116 Words   |  5 Pageswhen two people become parents. Parenting comes with much responsibilty. It is a learning experience, and though some skills of parenting come natural, others do not. People believe that if we require people to pass a driving test before licensing them to operate a car, we should require them to pass some kind of parenting test before allowing them to have children. As an American, I believe in the unalienable rights that were set down and stated in the Declaration of Independence, and truly think thereRead MoreThe Second President Of The United States953 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States, the writer of the Declaration of Independence, the creator of the University of Virginia, and the Statue of Virginia for religious freedom are all terms that have been used to describe one of the most influential and devoted people in American history, Thomas Jefferson. He published many works that expressed his views of how to strengthen government in America and put power in the hands of the citizens (Wagoner, 2004, pg.19). Throughout my learning experience, Jefferson has beenRead MoreJonathan Swift s Modest Proposal1562 Words   |  7 Pagesclearly defined problem and solution compared to George Orwell s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† and Thomas Jefferson s â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. Point 1: Swift s Modest Proposal effectively uses appropriate and convincing proof to clearly support its claim that imperialism is an ineffective and oppressive ideology that opposes the public good of many. The Declaration of Independence and Shooting an Elephant show minimal proof to support the central theme. Proof 1: In a list of oppressiveRead More The First Amendment and the Fight Against God Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesreligious beliefs when the Puritans fled England and its religious persecution, and settled in the New World to promote religious freedom. They implemented numerous concepts and ideas from their old culture to give us the basis of the society we now know. They did not spend months on board transatlantic ships, at risk from diseases and shipwreck, to let their faith be corrupted by politics once again. Our country’s founders were also religious men. They prayed before sitting down to writeRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Have A Dream Speech1058 Words   |  5 Pagesattribute, pathos, and logos. Ethos is associate charm to authority or credibility. King uses 3 authorities for his speech: Abraham Lincoln, The Declaration of Independence, and the Bible. The rhetorical triangle is composed of ethos , pathos, and logos. Ethos is convincing the consultation that the author is credible. Pathos is convincing a group by evoking emotion from them. Logo is a way of persuading an audience by reasoning and having grounds. His delivery is appealing to all different consultation because

The Witches Of Salem Witch Trials - 1760 Words

Salem, Massachusetts, the new English settlement for 17th century Protestants who wanted to purify the Church of England, was and is known for the atrocity that rattled the land. This atrocity, or The Salem Witch Trials, began around 1692, several years after the Puritans settled in Salem. During the Trials, an absurd amount of women, men, and even dogs were accused of being possessed by the Devil, thus making them perform witchcraft or wizardry on both townspeople and the townspeople’s valuables. Many women were found guilty of being witches and were executed by either hanging, stoning, or being burned at the stake. The Puritans made these women out to be horrible creatures, who followed orders from the Devil to reign havoc and terror†¦show more content†¦In an article explaining the relation between mycotoxins in rye and the behaviors of the accused, Alan Woolf explains, â€Å"Behaviors of a bewitched person frequently included sensations of pricking, pinching, or burning of the skin; fornication; animal imitation; odd contortions; simulated flying or diving; paralysis and rigidity; anorexia; the forced consumption of invisible fluids; and physical assaults or verbal insults† (458). In reading the excerpt from Woolf’s article, one can undoubtedly perceive that the behaviors of the accused and the symptoms of ergot poisoning are closely related. Yet, individuals should also consider the possibility that some of the documented behaviors of the accused are probably not completely reliable. The mycotoxins inevitably infected the vast majority of Salem, for if one consumed bread at the time, for example, they were presumably poisoned. With this being said, the accusers may have hallucinated some of the documented behaviors in the so called â€Å"bewitched† individuals. Additionally, the amount of rye consumed by each individual must be taken into consideration, for every individual reacts differently to toxins in their bodies. One may be completely unaffected by the ergot poisoning if he or she only consumes a small amount of bread with the poisoned rye, while another who eats a considerably greater amount of bread may begin to become hysteric and portray symptoms of what theShow MoreRelatedWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1272 Words   |  6 PagesHistorians called this period the dark time when men and women hunted for witches known as the Salem Witch trials. European descents brought them the belief in witches and the devil. These beliefs that they believed in so much were from the teaching of the catholic church. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for being believed they were witches and followers of Satan. Most of these executions were performed in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Mainly all of the accused victims were womenRead MoreThe Witches Of Salem Witch Trials1371 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Tammen Salem Witchcraft Trial Theories In the 1690s â€Å"The â€Å"afflicted† girls [whom] made the accusations were some of the most powerless members of their society† (â€Å"Part II: The Witches of Salem†). Salem Witch Trials quickly became famous and researchers began exploring the multiple possibilities behind the trials. Although many theories were considered, none could explain why so many were accused and hanged. Notably, ergot poisoning was a highly considered theory for the Salem trials. Farming conditionsRead MoreWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1676 Words   |  7 PagesWilliams, Mary Walcott, and Mary Warren are very important people in the Salem Witch Trials. There are conflicting opinions on whether or not witches exist. However, when taking a more in-depth look at the trials, it is very evident that witches in 17th century Salem did not exist; children were accusing people out of boredom, parents were using this as a type of revenge, and the witch tests were unjust. The 17th century Salem witch trials all started when 9-year-old Betty Parris and 11-year-old AbigailRead MoreWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1309 Words   |  6 Pageswhat when men and women hunted for witches known as the Salem Witch trials. This time will be forever remembered for the people in the town and the victims and family members of the horrifying time. European descents brought with many of them was the belief in witches and the devil. These beliefs that they believed in so much were from the teaching of the catholic church. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for being believed they were witches and followers of Satan. Most of theseRead MoreThe Witches : Salem Witch Trials Of 16922179 Words   |  9 Pagesrole did Tituba s confession to be a witch start the mass hunt for the witches in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692? This investigation will include details on the events that occurred after Tituba’s confession in Salem during 1962 and 1963. It will also include a brief description of society at the time and what societal pressures may have led to this horrific time. The first source that will be evaluated in depth is Stacy Schiff’s book â€Å"The Witches: Salem, 1692†, published in October 2015.Read MoreThe Witches : Suspicions, Betrayals And Hysteria Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Stacy Schiff’s national bestseller The Witches highlights the suspicions, betrayals and hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials. In 1692, the commonwealth of Massachusetts executed five men, fourteen women, and two dogs for witchcraft. One might wonder how and why this Puritan colony became so caught up in this witch frenzy. In this book she is able to paint a clear picture of the panic that occurred among the people of Salem. â€Å"In three hundred years, we have not adequately penetratedRead MoreThe Salem Witches: Real or Imagined?1289 Words   |  5 Pages The Salem Witches: Real or Imagined? The Salem Witch Trials began because of a mysterious illness contracted by 11-year old Abigail Williams and her cousin Betty Paris (Burgan). Instead of looking for a logical explanation, the community immediately jumped to the conclusion that witches caused the girls curious behavior. Doctors commonly would diagnose an unknown illness as witchcraft, rather than looking for other explanations (Wolfinger). Erot of Rye, which causes severe contortions and hallucinationsRead MoreThe Hunt For Witches By William Golding1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hunt for Witches In 1692, Puritans practiced purity, worked hard and believed that God was the center of everything. The children were to be obedient to their parents and follow the ways of â€Å"pureness† outlined before them. They were to serve God and not participate in any form of witchcraft. The Puritans believed that anything that happened was either an act of God or the devil. However, the children loved the stories told by Tituba, a Barbadian slave, belonging to Reverend Parris and dancingRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : A Time Of Chaos And Panic Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pages The Salem Witch Trials were a time of chaos and panic. It began in 1692 in Salem Village, Massachusetts. Three girls named Elizabeth (Betty) Parris, Abigail Williams and Ann Putnam began acting strange. They uttered odd words and sounds, threw things and had trance-like states. People were terrified and they didn’t know what to do. The fact that the girls had been playing a fortune telling game bef ore the strange behavior didn’t help the cause. After Reverend Parris (Elizabeth’s father) performedRead MoreSalem Witch Trials1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a series of trials in which twenty-four people were killed after being accused of practicing witchcraft. These trials were caused by different social climates of the area including the very strong lack of a governor, the split between Salem Village and Salem Town, and the strict puritan lifestyle during the time period. Tituba, the black slave, was a foreigner from Barbados. Her role in society was to take care of Mr. Parris’s family. Tituba’s situation contributed

My Favorite Activity Essay Example For Students

My Favorite Activity Essay My favorite activity is spending time with my daughter. She is 20 months old; she takes up all of my time, and I love it. My daughter and I do just about everything together. So I would have to say our favorite activity to do together is dance, we constantly listen to the radio. The reason is I love her to dance, and it also helps her on her coordination as well as mine. I love just watching my daughter dance though she cracks me up she tries her best, but she manages it. I help her along the way attempting to show her a couple of small dance moves. When we go anywhere to the mall or anywhere for that matter if my daughter hears the music she starts to dance. She waves her hands in the air and shakes her booty! I cheer her on and dance with her too, it doesn’t matter where we are we dance! The second reason I like her to dance is I don’t like having her watch a whole lot of T. V, for the fact it seems to be a constant babysitter for many kids and can develop ADD. However, if the television is on, it’s on a music channel or something educational. Some of the shows I will allow to be on are like for example Dora the Explore, Blues Clues, Baby Einstein, and, of course, the Music Channels. I’m not so much a television kind of person I like to be constantly doing something. So television for me is not one of my favorite activities to do. The final reason I would have to say why I love for me and my daughter to dance is we spend a lot of quality time together. Parents these days are a way to busy to know what’s really going on in their children’s lives. I like staying active in my daughter’s daily activities. I want her growing up knowing that no matter how busy I am I will always have time for her. For me, it won’t matter how busy I am or little time I may have I will do everything to be with her in her activities she will be doing as she grows up. So overall our favorite activity is dancing and creates quality time for us to spend together and to keep our relationship really close. I’m glad to have this opportunity with my daughter since not a whole lot of parents have that amount of time to spend with their child or children. So I would have to say that I’m a very lucky parent to have this communication with my daughter. As parents, we can only hope to keep our children on the right path and watch them grow up to be responsible adults. But as time passes I know all my efforts will pay off, and my daughter will know everything I did was for her, and I will always love her.

Jamaican Influences inHip Hop Music free essay sample

Analyzes hip hop impact of Jamaican culture. Reggae, language, rap, style, social criticism, Rastafarianism, performance, dance, ethnic roots, misogyny homophobia. The purpose of this research is to examine the Jamaican influences on the origins of hip hop music. The plan of the research will be to set forth the popular-culture origins of hip hop in the United States in the South Bronx of New York City, and then to discuss the influences and implications of Jamaican musical style on the development and dissemination of hip hop through American and non-American cultural venues. The temporal origin of hip hop music, which is largely considered an American phenomenon although its influence has been felt in Europe and Asia, has been identified as the 1970s, and its origin of location as the South Bronx in New York. According to Dimitriadis, hip hop music was a key aspect of a more pervasive cultural innovation that exploited a species of performance art, flamboyant costume, and performer-induced . We will write a custom essay sample on Jamaican Influences inHip Hop Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Beloved Final Essay Essays

Beloved Final Essay Essays Beloved Final Essay Essay Beloved Final Essay Essay Essay Topic: Beloved People can have more than one role in their lives; they can be a student, daughter, and an employee all at the same time. These different roles people play have various effects on the society and people around them. In the novel, Beloved, by Toni Morrison, a mysterious girl, Beloved, suddenly appears and changes the main characters, Sethes and Denver’s, lives. Although Beloved’s role in the novel seems ambiguous, it becomes apparent that she is Sethe’s reincarnated daughter because of her uncanny knowledge of past events and physical  appearance; she is also a healer who nurses Sethe’s physical wounds and Denver’s emotional wounds, and because of Beloved, Denver and Sethe learn to love themselves. In Sethe’s past, many traumatic and painful events occurred. Because of the guilt that these events carry, Sethe forces them to the back of her mind. When Beloved appears, Sethe’s process of â€Å"re-memory† and healing begins. Although the identity of Beloved is unknown, many events and occurrences in the novel support that Beloved is Sethe’s reincarnated daughter who  Sethe had killed. When Sethe first sees Beloved, her â€Å"bladder filled to capacity†¦[and] the water she voided was endless† (61). Sethe’s uncontrollable urge to urinate can be related to her experience while giving birth to Denver, â€Å"†¦there was no stopping the water breaking from a breaking womb† (61). Sethe’s urge to urinate represents her water breaking when she was pregnant with Beloved. Beloved also possesses knowledge that is only known to Sethe and her children. Beloved asks Sethe, â€Å"Where your diamonds? † (69). Beloved was referring to the  crystal earrings Sethe entertained her late daughter, Beloved, with. The only reason Beloved would know about these earring is for her to be Sethe’s reincarnated daughter. Finally, the physical appearance of Beloved is baby-like, with her â€Å"new skin, lineless and smooth, including the knuckles of her hands† (61), and â€Å"her neck no wider than a parlor service saucer, kept bending† (60). Her soft and smooth skin and her trouble holding up her head are both characteristics of babies. Finally, the scar on Beloved’s neck is the most apparent evidence of  Beloved being Sethe’s daughter. When Sethe killed her daughter, she slit her throat, and Beloved has a scar on her throat. This physical evidence further proves that Beloved is Sethe’s reincarnated daughter. Beloved’s role in the novel is not only as Sethe’s daughter, but also as a healer. Sethe physically heals Sethe and emotionally heals Denver. When Sethe is sitting out on the porch one day, she prays to feel the touch of Baby Suggs fingers on her neck. Soon, the ghost of Baby Suggs is massaging her neck and Sethe feels comforted. However, soon thereafter the â€Å"fingers  touching the back of [Sethe’s] neck were stronger† (113), and they soon â€Å"had a grip on [Sethe] that would not let her breathe† (113). Denver and Beloved rush over to save Sethe and Beloved beings to soothe Sethe’s bruised neck. Beloved â€Å"strok[ed] [Sethe’s] damp skin that felt like chamois and looked like taffeta† (114). According to Sethe â€Å"Beloved’s fingers were heavenly. Under them and breathing evenly, the anguish rolled down. The peace Sethe had come there to find crept into her† (114). The peace Sethe felt because of Beloved’s soothing touch is a result of  Beloved’s actions as a healer. Beloved also acts as an indirect emotional healer for Denver. Beloved becomes increasingly possessive and sucks the life out of Sethe. Soon, Denver can no longer tell the difference between them. Beloved’s violent behavior forces Denver to venture outside of 124 for help. Denver has to go â€Å"out there were there were places in which things so bad had happened that when you went near them it would happen again†¦[where] small things scratched and sometimes touched† (286-287). Stepping out of 124 and into the community was  a huge part of Denver’s emotional healing process. Denver’s emotional healing process is the start to her journey to loving herself. Beloved serves as a catalyst for both Sethe and Denver to begin their process of self-love and acceptance. When Beloved entered Sethe’s life, Sethe was overcome with guilt and tried to redeem herself by sacrificing everything she had, including her own identity, to please Beloved. After Beloved leaves, Sethe becomes depressed and tells Paul D that â€Å"[Beloved] was my best thing† (321). Paul D disagrees and tells Sethe, â€Å"You your best thing, Sethe. You are† (322). Paul D telling Sethe this began her on her path to redemption and loving and accepting herself. Denver was able to start on this path because Beloved forced her to unite with the community. In the novel, Beloved performs many roles. She is a reincarnation of Sethe’s daughter and heals Sethe and Denver emotionally. Most importantly, she serves as a catalyst for Sethe and Denver’s path onto self-love and acceptance. This self-love and acceptance gives Sethe and Denver hope and the ability to finally move on from their past and escape their painful memories.

Tenses and Forms of the Verb to Buy for ESL

Tenses and Forms of the Verb to Buy for ESL This page provides example sentences of the verb Buy in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms.   Present Simple Use the present simple for routines and habits such as how often you  buy something at the store. Jack usually buys his groceries on Saturdays.Where do you buy your furniture?She doesnt buy any food at that store. Present Simple Passive The supplies are usually bought on Friday afternoons.When are new textbooks bought for the school?Wine isnt bought in great quantities. Present Continuous Use the  present continuous  to speak about what is happening at the present moment such as what you are buying in the store. They are buying a new house this month.Are they buying a new car soon?She isnt buying his story about his hard luck. Present Continuous Passive Not commonly used with buy Present Perfect Use the  present perfect  to discuss actions that have happened repeatedly such as how many times you have bought a specific product. We have bought a number of antique chairs.How long have you bought his story for?They havent bought any new furniture for a while. Present Perfect Passive Those antique chairs have been bought by customers in San Diego.Where has that been bought and sold before?It hasnt been bought by anyone.   Past Simple Use the  past simple  to speak about something you bought at a point in time in the past. He bought that painting last week.Where did you buy that sofa?She didnt buy any food for dinner, so theyre going out. Past Simple Passive That painting was bought last week.What was bought at the garage sale yesterday?That painting wasnt bought at the auction. Past Continuous Use the past continuous to describe what someone was buying when something else occurred. She was buying a new car when he telephoned.What were you buying when you got the call?She wasnt buying his story despite his insistence.   Past Continuous Passive Not commonly used with buy Past Perfect Use the  past perfect  to what  you had bought before something else happened.   Larry had bought the books before she arrived.What had they bought before they were offered the house?She hadnt bought enough food for the party, so she went out again. Past Perfect Passive The books had been bought before she arrived.Which ingredients had been bought for the meal?Not enough wine had been bought for the occasion.   Future (Will) Use  future tenses  to speak about something that you will / are going to buy  in the future. I think he will buy a present for Mary.Will you buy his proposal at the meeting?She wont buy what hes saying. Future (Will) Passive A new book will be bought for that child.Will that painting be bought at the auction?Food wont be bought by Peter.   Future (Going To) The teacher is going to buy the books for the children.What are you going to buy for dinner tonight?She isnt going to buy that house. Future (Going To) Passive The books are going to be bought for the children.What is going to be bought for drinks?They arent going to be bought by anyone for that price. Future Continuous Use the future continuous to express what you will be buying  at ​a  specific point in time in the future.   He will be buying groceries this time next week.Will you be buying anything this time tomorrow?She wont be buying a house anytime soon.   Future Perfect They will have bought five new computers by the end of the sale.What will you have bought by the end of the day?Youll see, she wont have bought anything. Future Possibility Use  modals  in the future to discuss future possibilities.   I might buy a new computer.Might Peter buy the house?She may not buy his story.   Real Conditional Use the  real conditional  to speak about possible events. If he buys that painting, he will be sorry.What will he buy if he inherits the money?She wont buy the house if its put up for auction. Unreal Conditional Use the unreal conditional to speak about imagined events in the present or future.   I would be sorry if I bought that painting.What would you need if you bought a new house?She wouldnt buy the house if you bought it. Past Unreal Conditional Use the past unreal conditional to speak about imagined events in the past.   If you hadnt bought that painting, you wouldnt have lost so much money on the investment.What would you have done if he had bought you a diamond ring?She wouldnt have bought that house if she hadnt had enough money. Present Modal I should buy some new clothes.Where can I buy an ice-cream cone?They mustnt buy anything today. Theres no money in the bank. Past Modal They must have bought some new clothes.What should you have bought last year?They couldnt have bought his story.   Quiz: Conjugate With Buy Use the verb to buy to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below.   He ______ that painting last week.Larry _____ the books before she arrived.Jack usually ______ his groceries on Saturdays.I think he ______ a present for Mary.They _____ five new computers by the end of the sale.I would be sorry if I _____ that painting.The supplies are usually _____ on Friday afternoons.We _____ a number of antique chairs.That painting _____ last week.They _____ a new house this month. Quiz Answers boughthad boughtbuyswill buywill have boughtboughtboughthave boughtwas boughtare buying

Construction contracts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Construction contracts - Research Paper Example Variation Types Variations are not restricted merely to the work specification, the cost specification or other quality aspects. Instead, variation can constitute a number of different aspects a few of which are2: an addition to work specifications; an omission to work specifications; a change of materials; changes to construction sequence; working hours change; corrections in the contract documents; corrections in the Bill of Quantities (BoQs) for descriptions and / or quantities of materials used; changes to third party work schedule and scope; changes in the timeline agreed upon in the original contract; changes required to deal with unforeseen circumstances / force majeure. In addition to describing variations as changes to the work, its scope, its cost, quality and other aspects, another potent method of defining variation is as per the party that initiates the variation. CEBE3 has provided a comprehensive method to describe variation as per the initiating party. The causes for variation as per the initiating party have been used to classify variations in an attempt to cover as many variations as possible. The major classifications of variations provided are owner related, consultant related, contractor related and other variations. The research by CEBE provides that there are approximately 53 discernible types of variations that might occur in any construction contract situation4. The various types of variations are shown in detail in the diagram provided below: Figure 1 - Causes of variation as expounded by CEBE (2006) Impacts of Variation Types on Contract Dimensions It would not be possible to discuss all the different types of variations and to analyze them as per FIDIC’s Red Book (1999) interpretations. A few... It would not be possible to discuss all the different types of variations and to analyze them as per FDIC's Red Book (1999) interpretations. A few major variations, including variations that are controversial as being variations or not, are discussed as per CABE classification presented above. A variation in project scope by the owner is one of the most common causes of variation, especially for construction projects. The owner is not on board in typical construction projects planning and design stages and this leads to changes in planning and scoping later. In such circumstances, since the originating party is the owner, the engineer is required to submit a proposal for variation to the contractor as per sub-clause 13.3 of the FIDIC Red Book (1999). Processing of the variation requested is subject to the contractor’s choosing and the owner would have to convince the contractor to comply. Additionally, the condition of the Red Book’s sub-clause that the contractor cannot stop work as variation proposals are being shuttled seems unreasonable. For example, if the owner requires an extensive change of scope that involves the current work, the contractor still has to keep working in the agreed direction even though he proposes variations simultaneously. The lack of clarification for major scope changes makes subclause 13.3 ambiguous and open to dispute between contracting parties. Another area of contention for variation may arise if the owner’s cash stream is somehow affected.

A letter to the editor in the Wall Street Journal Essay - 6

A letter to the editor in the Wall Street Journal - Essay Example ts ahead of credit cards, I would like to bring to your attention my support and satisfaction towards the article and the author because I felt that it highlighted the reasons for that payment trend and was straight to the point. The payment of Mortgages before the credit card has been the normal way and has been in effect for a very long period of time, this is exactly what lenders expect from consumers. New information from TransUnion, which is a firm that deals with reporting credit related information, supports this stand that normal payment methods were back to effect at the end of the year 2013 due to a rise experienced in home values. The main findings from the research carried out shows strong links between the value of homes and payment behaviors. Further supporting this case is the findings that were published from all the fifty states in the United States which clearly point out that a decline in home values together with high unemployment rates saw borrowers skip mortgage payments but still make payments on their credit cards. There is an example of Nevada, between the years 2006-2009, where the value of houses went down by 57%. Borrowers were seen to skip making mortgage payments while staying true to credit card payments. It’s clear that people would be more willing to default on mortgage payments because foreclosure is not really an immediate problem. it involves a long process which takes months if not years. Credit card payments on the other hand would be hard to miss, by doing so the reaction would be immediate. Banks should therefore continue to ease standards on mortgages to the payments of mortgages ahead of credit

Vaccine and Medicine Essay Example for Free

Vaccine and Medicine Essay According to Company Spotlight, GlaxoSmithKline (2011), GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is a renowned UK-based pharmaceutical and healthcare company. GSK is rated as the second largest among the biggest pharmaceutical and healthcare companies in the world. This company engages in a range of business activities including manufacturing of pharmaceutical products such as the anti-infectives, medicines used for central nervous conditions, respiratory conditions, oncology issues and gastrointestinal conditions. GSK is also famous for producing vaccine products. In addition, it is concerned with the management of the consumer healthcare operation. This service is mainly focused on the production of nutritional drinks, over the counter drugs and other healthcare items (Weise, 2013). GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) SRL (2012) reports that this company had been formed after unity between Glaxo Well come company and SmithKline company. Since its inception, GSK has remained a pertinent player in the pharmaceutical industry where it has researched on medicines and vaccines that have been rated as the top priority by the World Health Organization. This company owns 7% of the total global pharmaceutical products. It has penetrated many countries including developing the world where its products sell cheaply. Noteworthy, this company enjoys the strongest global presence, as it is available in 70 countries. GSK sells its products in three distinct categories such as consumer healthcare, prescription medicines and vaccines (GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) SRL, 2012). Therefore, this report has focused on medicines and vaccines business unit in GSK. Both internal and external business environment affecting the company is also considered, with reference to appropriate theoretical frameworks. In addition, the current strategies deployed are also considered. Eventually, this report gives proposed strategies, vital in enhancing the business unit’s performance. 2. External Environmental Analysis on Vaccine and Medicine Production2.1 PESTLE  AnalysisPESTEL analytic tool is a model used in conducting analysis on a business organization in regard to the external environmental factors. This tool helps the business organizations in identifying some of the potential environmental aspects that affect their operations and performance. The factors of analysis in this framework include Political issues, Economic issues, Socio-cultural issues, Technological issues, Legal issues and the Eco-Environmental issues (Pestle Analysis, 2014). Figure 1: PESTEL Model Figure: PESTEL model Source: Arnold Oakley, 2013 2.1.1 Political FactorsGSK depends on the UK-government legislation on production and trade. Although the government of United Kingdom is one of the stable governments, GSK has experienced significant political challenges that have affected the rate of operation. For instance, the implementation of GSK marketing strategy depends on the trade laws in the UK (Andersen, Denrell Bettis, 2007). It has been noted that some of the trade regulations on the pharmaceutical products, mainly introduced by China and India affect the competitive nature of the company. Introduction of legislation by the government of UK has also affected the operations of GSK in manufacturing of vaccines and medicines. Ideally, UK laws that focus on consumerism, taxation, environmental issues, health and safety measures and consumer protection laws have influenced the activities of the company (Arnold Oakley, 2013). 2.1.2 Economic FactorsThe biggest economic challenge to GSK Company is the trend in international trade on pharmaceutical products. The high rate of economic growth in countries such as China and India remains a bigger challenge to GSK in UK (Datamonitor: GlaxoSmithKline Plc, 2011). This is because India and China have both joined the market with highly competitive ambition. In addition to this, the current economic changes in the UK that have affected GDP continue to suppress the performance of GSK on their production of drugs and vaccines. On the other hand, high inflation rates have affected the sale and production of pharmaceuticals. For instance, while China and India are enjoying a robust economic growth, UK experiences an economic slump. This makes the UK-based companies such as GSK less competitive when it comes to manufacturing of vaccines and medicines (Shakhshir, 2014). 2.1.3  Social-Cultural FactorsSocial, cultural issues include consumer lifestyles, shift in the consumer attitudes towards a particular product as well as consumer opinions. Since the UK-population comprises of the aging majority, the choice on pharmaceuticals is greatly affected. One of the major problems that GSK faces is the issue on the large profits that they have made from sales of their medicines and vaccines. Customer resentment by GSK is a major social problem that a ffects the performance of GSK despite the fact that it is one of the major pharmaceutical companies in the UK. On the other hand, availability of the other pharmaceutical products has also influenced the competitiveness of the company (Bass, 2008). 2.1.4 Technological FactorsThe trends in technology used in the pharmaceutical industries affect the operations of GSK in producing vaccines and medicines. Due to the unwavering changes that occur in drug manufacturing plants, GSK meets stringent regulations that in turn, influence their performance. On the other hand, GSK experiences hard time when it comes to licensing and patenting of newer drug production technologies. The government also ensures that the levels of developing the industry technologies meet the standards that are required. This major hurdle affects the development of the industry technology for GSK (Shakhshir, 2014). 2.1.5 Environmental FactorsSince GSK is a manufacturing company, it faces the challenges that most of the industries face. For example, GSK faces the challenges of global warming as well as the challenges attached to industrial waste disposal. One of the main problems that this company faces is the reaction of the stakeholders on the impact of wastes produced by GSK (Ienciu, 2012). 2.1.6 Legal FactorsLegal issues affecting GSK include the direct and indirect regulations and laws that affect the company’s operations as well as the local markets where this company sells its products. The European and international trade rules, regulations and agreements affect the operations of GSK in production of medicines and vaccines (Robson, 2013). 2.2 Porters 5 ForcesPorter’s Five Forces model is a tool used by various companies to study the external forces that affect a company’s competitive position. Porter’s five-force diagram is shown below in figure 2. Figure 2: Porter’s Five-Force Model Source: Koo, Koh Nam, 2004 2.2.1 Threat of New EntrantsGSK enjoys competitiveness since the costs of producing vaccines and medicines are too high for most of the companies in the UK. This phenomenon has made entrants into the pharmaceutical industries too small. It has been noted that development of newer medicines and drugs, involves painstaking research and investment that most of the companies in UK may not afford. The action of the federal laws together with the influence of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have also created barrier for most of the companies that intend to join pharmaceutical industry. In addition to this, new entrants avoid the recurrent renewal of the patents that expire after every 20 years. Since GSK is an old player in the pharmaceutical industry, it has garnered insurmountable trust and connection with the customers on its brand names. This makes it hard for newer entrants in the market to compete against GSK (Azadi Rahimzadeh, 2012). 2.2.1 Threat of SubstitutesThe introduction f many generic drug medicine has been a threat to GSK medicines and vaccines. Such generic drugs have substituted some of the GSK products thus creating replacement for the medicines produced by GSK. Complimentary Alternative Medicine (CAM) is also considered as a reliable substitute for the GSK medicines. Given individuals in UK, believe that the effects of the medicines and vaccines produced generically are similar to the GSK medicines; people often prefer the generic products whose costs are relatively cheaper (Koo, Koh Nam, 2004). 2.2.3 Bargaining Power of CustomersAlthough GSK is one of the pharmaceutical companies that produce vaccines and medicines, it does not rely much on the power of buyers. This is because GSK has a large customer base that translates to lower bargaining power. Noteworthy, vaccines and medicines have lower number of customers. This makes GSK to experience high customer bargaining power. GSK focuses on research and development of newer vaccines and medicines, which are then consumed, by the doctors, patients, pharmacists and other healthcare facilities (Azadi Rahimzadeh, 2012). 2.2.4 Bargaining Power of SuppliersGSK supply market comprises of labour, raw material suppliers, trial staff, patients in clinical trials, investigators and other marketing distribu tors. Contrary to customers, the suppliers have strong bargaining power that can affect the operation of the company. Whenever the suppliers withhold the supplies or change the quality of the supplies that they trade to GSK, the company risks losing the quality  of its medicines and vaccines. This will in turn affect the competitiveness and the performance on the company in the pharmaceutical industry (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2012). 2.2.5 Intensity of RivalryPharmaceutical industry has many players leading to increased rivalry. Since there is unending patterns of newer products in the pharmaceutical industry, firms and companies forced to thrive competitively for market shares. Product differentiation has also led to introduction of alternative products that are cheaper. This has led to competitive advantage for certain firms. This trend propagates competitive rivalry that leaves only the strongest and adherent company in the market. However, reports indicate that GSK uses an accurate forecast that helps it in positioning itself at a point where it can sustain rivalry in production of medicine and vaccines from the other companies for a long time (Juliano, 2013). 3.0 Value Chain AnalysisGlaxoSmithKline value chain is a resourceful tool that is applied by the managers to identify major activities that are operational within the firm. The primary activities that are undertaken at GlaxoSmithKline have potential capabilities of defining the firm competitive advantages (Griffin, 2012). The competitive advantage of the company lies within the capability to undertake some of the vital activities that are carried across the value chain with the aim of being better that the business rivals. Figure3: Value Chain Analysis Model Source: Ienciu, 2012 Firstly, GlaxoSmithKline value chain has been able to combine values of the firm key activities with the functional parts. The assessment that is undertaken in the principal activities defines the organization overall additional values that are created. Under its value chain, the company has been able to differentiate its main primary activities that are directly related to the production and the supporting activities that are directly related to effectiveness and efficiency of GlaxoSmithKline operation. GlaxoSmithKline primary and support activities are discussed in details (Shakhshir, 2014). The company has taken a consideration of its inbound activities. Inbound activities in GlaxoSmithKline are concerned with the process of receiving materials from suppliers that are used in the  production of drugs and medicines. As well, storing of these raw materials in the warehouse and handling them within the company is an art of the essential activities that play a crucial role in the va lue chain. In addition, GlaxoSmithKline has a consideration of operation activities. This incorporates all activities that have direct relationship with production, services and product that are within the firm. Outbound logistic is another primary activity that the company has highlighted its concern. These activities involve distribution of the medicines and vaccines (final product). This has been entailing the manner at which the company has been distributing its products to the customers, distributors, chemists, hospitals and other business-related areas (Juliano, 2013). Additionally, GlaxoSmithKline has a functional area that relate to sales and marketing. This is a crucial area that analyze all the need and wants if the clients. As well, this operational are is wholly responsible for the creation of awareness of the firm product among the target group. The company has been using some marketing techniques such as advertisements and sales promotion to ensure they attract more customers to use their products (Koo, Koh Nam, 2004). Finally, GlaxoSmithKline has undertaken a vital supporting activity that considers the function of procurement. Procurement incorporates functions that are directly accountable for purchases of materials that are significant for the production. GlaxoSmi thKline has an efficient procurement department that is capable of obtaining the highest quality raw materials at the best prices that are favourable for the company (Shakhshir, 2014). 4. SWOT Analysis Some of the internal strengths and weaknesses affecting GSK can be analysed using the SWOT analysis tool. This tool will identify and analyse some of the internal environmental opportunities as well as the strengths that GSK has. This SWOT analysis will ensure that GSK’s maximum strength and opportunities are highlighted. However, this analysis will minimise on the threats and the weakness that the company has. This analysis will help in explaining GSK’s position in the market, the reason for its position and the possible plans and strategies that can be used to improve the company’s position in the market (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2014). Below is a diagram of SWOT analysis. Figure 4: SWOT analysis Source: GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2014 4.1 StrengthsGSK being a large company has robust resources and funds that can fuel both the sales, as well as strong marketing mechanism. GSKs strong marketing and sales mechanism has placed it at an accessible ground for the customers. This company has richly invested in both tele-visual and printed media to promote its products. This has placed GSK on top of the other smaller pharmaceutical companies. GSK is rated as the biggest financier of most of the research and development projects in the UK. This places it at a dominant position in the pharmaceutical industry. It has also ensured proper resource utilization with over 97,000 employees who help in the exploration of newer markets. 4.2 WeaknessDespite being a pharmaceutical major in the UK, GSK also has weaknesses that affect its operations. With its robust production of medicine and vaccines, this company make losses due to expired pharmaceuticals. In addition, some sporadic cases of safety affect the company’s image in relation to their customers. The research and development issues have also affected the quality of some pharmaceuticals that this company produces. Ideally, some cases of poor quality, expiry dates and quantity of products have affected the production of medicines and vaccines. Therefore, these weaknesses continue to dent the image of this big company in the UK (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2012). 4.3 OpportunitiesGSK has the opportunity of engaging into the production of oncology products, biologics as well as the preparation of various antibodies. Through its robust existence, it can facilitate productive mergers, as well as acquisition using its influential financial stance. On the other hand, the increase in demands for healthcare products such as medicines and vaccines has placed GSK at a greater opportunity ground. With its resources and significant fund, GSK has better laboratories that give them the opportunity for expanding and leveraging the production of medicines and vaccines (GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis, 2014). 4.4 ThreatsIn as much as GSK thrives to be a pharmaceutical major in the UK, reports have indi cated that this company faces threatening situations. Ideally, the risks involved in the introduction of newer products affect the ability of the company to maintain its image. With the introduction of more regulations, this company  finds it hard to maintain precision in its operations (Research, 2012). On the other side, slowdown in the European markets remains a serious threat in the marketing of the medicines and vaccine products from this company. In addition to this, the availability of conventional medicines has affected the demand for the medicines produced by this company. Overall, the cases of complacency, subject to the marketing leadership that the company has earned in the past years have placed it under thorough scrutiny by the UK government. This makes it difficult for this company to be able to follow all the stringent rules and regulations (BBC, 2012). 5. Current StrategyGSK is a large business that relies on the strategic priorities such as increasing the growth of the company, reducing the risks as well as increasing the long-term financial performance. This company has focused on growth of the company as their main idea of improving their performance. This large company has ensured their second place in the pharmaceutical industry. It has managed to leverage its p roduction where it produces up to 7% of the global pharmaceutical products. Their large scales and resources have provided them a robust growth in the pharmaceutical sphere. With their growth strategy, GSK has created balanced businesses and product portfolio that have leveraged their sales growth mainly centred on vaccine and medicines in United Kingdom (Azadi Rahimzadeh, 2012). GSK has also relied on the successful commercialising and launching of newer products. They have targeted the emerging markets for vaccines and medicines. GSK have improved their performance in developing newer oncology medicines, antibiotics as well as vaccines. GSK has increased investments in emerging markets for Medicine and vaccines as a strategy to remain viable. Moreover, this company seek further opportunities for optimisation of the product value (Shakhshir, 2014). Additionally, GSK has managed to improve the research and development organisation making it able to handle robust products whose effects have changed lives. Their efforts have injected newer medicines and vaccines that have also increased the rates of return. GSK also uses its resources to invest in many parts of UK to improve their returns and penetration of the markets. Responsibility remains a central strategy in GSK, making them able to ensure success in delivery of vaccines and medicines (Juliano, 2013). 5.1 . Proposed StrategyIn their future strategy, GSK could employ Bowman’s strategy to leverage its  competitiveness. Ideally, this approach helps companies to be able to identify its competitive edge by meeting their customer’s needs. In this case, the strategy allows a company to be competitive against other companies in the same market. For instance, GSK should consider that many pharmaceutical companies sell medicines and vaccines with negligible differences from their pharmaceuticals. Therefore, GSK should focus on the prices and degree of success in their products so that they may become more competitive than the other companies may (Arnold Oakley, 2013). GSK should rely on generic strategies, which are, cost leadership, product differentiation and market segmentation. The strategies will help GSK to ensure that their pharmaceuticals are low-priced, useful and provided with the customers’ specifications. Whenever their vaccines and medicines will sell lower than the other companies will, GSK will become more competitive Price and value of pharmaceuticals is a major concern when it comes to competitiveness in the pharmaceutical industry. GSK should ensure that their products meet the recommended value specifications demanded by the customers (Morrow Jr. Sirmon, Hitt Holcomb, 2007). Using the Bowman’s strategy, one can adjust the three porter’s positions to eight while explaining the benefits of value and cost of the products. Therefore, GSK should embrace Bowman’s strategy in improving their competitiveness in the pharmaceutical industry (Koo, Koh Nam, 2004). 6. ConclusionGlaxoSmithKline remains the leading pharmaceutical and healthcare company in the sector of Vaccines and Medicines in United Kingdom. This company enjoys a robust growth despite the dynamism in the pharmaceutical markets. Despite its successful performance in production of vaccines and medicines, GSK has also faced several challenges such as competitive pharmaceutical companies, stringent political issues and economic downturns. GlaxoSmithKline is a renowned pharmaceutical company whose products are common in the pharmaceutical industry. The primary goal of GSK is to achieve a competitive nature. However, this will require improvement of the quality and value of the products as it eliminates the weaknesses and threats. GSK must utilize its opportunities with the aim of delivering first-class safe and quality drugs and vaccines. On the other hand, GSK has a task of pioneering safety of medicine and vaccine use through the media. This company should focus on production of quantities that can feed the markets without unnecessary surpluses that  affect the returns to the company. Growth of market all over the world is also a good idea that should be embraced by the company. Idyllically, GSK remains one of the largest pharmaceutical companies whose products are distributed throughout the world. Noteworthy, GSK has a strong position in the pharmaceutical industry.   References Andersen, T. J., Denrell, J., Bettis, R. A. (2007) ‘Strategic responsiveness and Bowmans risk–return paradox’, Strategic Management Journal, 28(4), pp. 407-429.Arnold, D. G., Oakley, J. L. (2013) ‘The Politics and Strategy of Industry Self-Regulation: The Pharmaceutical Industrys Principles for Ethical Direct-to-Consumer Advertising as a Deceptive Blocking Strategy’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy Law, 38(3), pp. 505-544. Azadi, S., Rahimzadeh, E. (2012) ‘Developing Marketing Strategy for Electronic Business by Using McCarthys Four Marketing Mix Model and Porter’s Five Competitive Forces’, Emerging Markets Journal, 2(2), pp. 46-58. Bass, A. (2008) Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial, Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. BBC, (2012) GlaxoSmithKline to pay $3bn in US drug fraud scandal [Online]Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18673220[Accessed : 29 October 2014]. Company Spotlight, GlaxoSmithKline (2011) ‘PharmaWatch: CNS’, 10(5), pp. 27-34. Datamonitor: GlaxoSmithKline Plc. (2011) ‘GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis,’ pp. 1-8. Dykeman, D., Abramson, D. (2011) ‘Patent strategies for life sciences companies to navigate the changing patent landscape’, Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 17(4), pp. 358-364. doi:10.1057/jcb.2011.30 GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) SRL (2012) ‘SeeNews Research Profiles (Company Profiles)’, pp. 2836-2839. GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis (2014) ‘GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis’, pp. 1-10. GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis. (2012) GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis’, pp. 1-8. GlaxoSmithKline Plc SWOT Analysis. (2014) GlaxoSmithKline, PLC SWOT Analysis’, pp. 1-10. Griffin, R. W. (2012) Fundamentals of management.6th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ienciu, I. (2012) ‘Environmental Reporting and Corporat e Governance for Ftse 100 Listed Companies,’ Annals of The University Of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 21(2), pp. 681-687. Juliano, R. L. (2013) ‘Pharmaceutical innovation and public policy: The case for a new strategy for drug discovery and development’, Science Public Policy (SPP), 40(3), pp. 393-405. Koo, C., Koh, C, E, Nam, K. (2004) ‘An Examination of Porters Competitive Strategies in Electronic Virtual Markets: A Comparison of Two On-line Business Models’, International Journal Of Electronic Commerce, 9(1), pp. 163-180. Morrow Jr., J. L., Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., Holcomb, T. R. (2007) ‘Creating value in the face of declining performance: firm strategies and organizational recovery’, Strategic Management Journal, 28(3), pp. 271-283. Pestle Analysis, (2014) ‘Poland Country Profile’, pp. 14-46. Research and, M. (2012) Research and Markets: GlaxoSmithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd.: Company Profile and SWOT Analysis. Business Wire (English). Robson, K. (2013) Service-ability create a customer centric culture and gain competitive advantage. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sus sex, United Kingdom: Wiley. Shakhshir, G. (2014) ‘Positioning Strategies Development’, Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 23(1), pp. 979-988. Weise, K. (2013) ‘Company News: Apple, GlaxoSmithKline’, Alibaba Group, Starbucks, U.K. Internet Operators. Businessweek.Com, p. 24

Sun Also Rises Essay -- essays research papers

The Lost of Self "One generation passeth away, the passage from Ecclesiates began, and another generation cometh; but the earth abideth forever. The sun also ariseh†¦"(Baker 122). A Biblical reference forms the title of a novel by Ernest Hemingway during the 1920s, portraying the lives of the American expatriates living in Paris. His own experience in Paris has provided him the background for the novel as a depiction of the 'lost generation'. Hemingway's writing career began early; he edited the high school newspaper and, after graduation, got a job as reporter on a local newspaper. After that he was turned down by the Kansas City draft boards. He wanted to get to Europe and managed to there by volunteering as an ambulance driver. After being wounded, he recalled that life slid from him, "like you'd pull a silk handkerchief out of a pocket by a corner"(Villard 53), almost fluttered away, then returned. This was a period in his life when he became 'lost' and searched to overcome his own suffering and test his courage. His experiences in finding himself provided the background for The Sun Also Rises, which is one of the most famous novel ever written about the 'lost generation'. "It is Jake's narrative, his story, but behind Jake is Hemingway, the artist, manipulating the action"(Reynolds 73). Soon after the war, Hemingway married and he with his wife moved to Paris. There his bride gave him a letter of introduction to Gertrude Stein. When they met, she commented that "You are all a lost generation," a casual remark, yet one which became world famous after Hemingway used it as an epigraph to his first major novel, The Sun Also Rises. The term 'lost generation' means a great deal to Hemingway's readers. It reflects the attitudes of the interwar generation, especially those of the literatures produced by the young writers of the time. These writers believed that their lives and hopes had been shattered by the war. They had been led down by a glory trail to death not for noble, patriotic ideas, but for the greedy, materialistic gains of the power groups. In his novels "Hemingway recorded the changes in the moral atmospheric pressure. Home, family, church and family gave this war-wounded generation no moral support. The old values—love, honor, duty, truth—were bankrupted by a war that systematically killed off a gener... ...hough nothing could have any consequences"(Hemingway 155). The people immensely enjoy this rare freedom throughout the week. In conclusion, Hemingway, being a part of the lost generation, accurately reflected the values of the lost generation through the portrait of the characters in The Sun Also Rises. His experiences, which was considered to be reprobate at that time, provided him the basis for writing the novel. The behavior of the characters demonstrates their view of life, casting back to how World War I changed their values through demoralization. They lived an aimless and dissipating life. They had deep doubt of self that was projected through an unending pattern of debauchery. They tended to live in here and now, while future and past seemed remote and abstract. Their identities were through their lack of ambition and ego, with a desperation born of the fear of the truth. On the other hand, they test their courage by placing themselves in dangerous situations. These systems and values are illustrated through the depiction of the characters in The Sun Also Rises, "a sad story about smashed peop le whose lives are largely beyond their own control"(Reynolds 73).

What are the scope, breath and units of ethics according to the following theorist: Plato’s Euthypro and Republic

Plato. Scope: The freedom of choice of a man is very dangerous and harmful phenomenon. The man can not choose what is holy and unholy and so the only thing directing the person in life if fear. The fear of the gods would have saved you from the danger of acting wrongly, and you’d have been cursed in front of human beings. Breath: since the essence of every phenomenon, including life of breathing creatures is to fulfill a certain function. In these measures men should fulfill their function – to live proper life for the good of the city-state. But life is not a function of a soul, but its proper quality. Units of ethic: just man is not wise or good, and just man is not supposed to live a long and happy life, while unjust miserable and unhappy? The difference between two is that the man who practices justice does so unwillingly, since he lacks the power to violate it. And in life in general he will walk the only possible road he knows – the just one, while the unjust man will yearn for more, and it doesn’t matter for what exactly, since he has options. Republic. Scope: the freedom of choice or deliberate decision is a punishment for human beings given by gods. And free choice depends on the essence of our soul. Breath: Can evasion or violence be succeeded with the gods? Well, if they don’t exist or don’t involve themselves with human affairs then what’s the point to consider their observation in our deeds? But if they exist, we shall pay a just penalty for our crimes in the place called Hades. The choice is of men or of his destiny†¦ Units of ethic: two people just and unjust given the same opportunities would act the same – temptation would be too strong. And this is the evidence that none are just willingly, but only by compulsion. And they act the very way because everyone thinks that in personal case injustice is much more profitable than justice. If anyone having this licence to refuse to do any injustice, or to posses the property of others, all who were aware of it would consider him a most contradictive and irrational creature, though they would praise him before each other faces, deluding one another through their fear of injustice influence. Euthyphro. Scope: everyone has the choice, and the only difference of a choice is what we should pay for the results of it. Whoever has unjustly killed another should be punished by all means. Breath: Holy is all gods love and people are meant to worship them and follow their will. What is holy and just have to do with the gods, and the rest (unlawful and pious) of it has to do with ministering of human beings. Units of ethic: we shouldn’t get nervous about people laughing at our predictions, the public recognition is of a soon. One must not tolerate a profane man, no matter who he may seem to be (even if it’s your own father).

Unleashing India’s Innovation and Entrepreneurship Potential

Unleashing India’s Innovation and Entrepreneurship Potential India has been one of the best performers in the world economy in recent years. Indian economy has been one of the stars of global economics growing 9. 6% in 2006 and 9. 2% in 2007. Growth had been supported by market reforms, capital inflows of FDI, rising foreign exchange reserves, both an IT and real estate boom, and a flourishing capital market. Like rest of the world, however, India is also facing testing economic times (economic recessesion) with inflation running at 11%, the highest level seen in a decade . The Indian stock market has fallen more than 40% in six months from its January 2008 high. $6 billion of foreign funds have flowed out of the country in that period, reacting both to slowdown in economic growth and perceptions that the market was over-valued. It’s high time we recognize the growing significance and visible impact of Entrepreneurship and innovation on wealth-creation and employment-generation in India. INNOVATON: Innovation is a process to achieve measurable value enhancement in any commercial activity, through introduction of new or improved goods, services, operational and organizational processes. It is a significant factor in fostering competitiveness, improvement in market share and quality. It reduces costs . Innovation is a key driver of economic growth. It is both creation, commercialization of new knowledge and diffusion and absorption of existing knowledge in new locations. Growth, accompanied by innovations, has been associated with rising living standards and a reduced number of poor people. India is increasingly becoming a top global innovator for high-tech products and services. Still, the country is under performing compared to its innovation potential which has direct implications for long-term industrial competitiveness and economic growth. About 90 % of Indian workforce is employed in the informal sector. This sector is often characterized by underemployment, low-productivity and low-skill activities. Although India has the benefit of a dynamic young population , with more than half of the country’s population under 25 years old, only 17 percent of people in their id-20s and older have a secondary education. To uphold rapid growth and help alleviate poverty, India needs to aggressively exploit its innovation potential, relying on innovation-led, rapid and inclusive growth to achieve economic & social transformation . According to one of the findings the output of economy could increase more than five folds if each enterprise could absorb knowledge existing in India and achieve the level of productivity of top enterprises in their sector. By applying knowledge in new ways to production processes, better and new products can be produced with the same or fewer inputs to meet the needs of all sections of Indian society. The very popular â€Å"Dabbawala† system is an innovative business process which allows 4,500–5,000 semiliterate Dabbawalas to deliver almost 200,000 lunches to workers every day in Mumbai. The Dabbawalas reportedly make one mistake per 6 million deliveries. So remarkable is this delivery network that international business schools have studied the work flows of the Dabbawala system to understand the key to its stellar performance rating. To unleash its innovation potential, India needs to develop following strategies: > > Increasing level of competition to improve the investment climate, supported by stronger skills, better information infrastructure and more public and private finance. Recommended actions to raise competition include removing regulations which are not essential and applying essential ones more transparently in product, land, labor, capital, and infrastructure services markets—for example, easing limits on small industries, restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI) etc. Limited skills and training are a major bottleneck. Only 16 percent of Indian manufacturing firms offer in-service training, compared with 92 percent in China . The Indian firms that provide in-service training are 23–28 percent more productive than those that do not. This bottleneck could be overcome (i) by providing public matching funds for firms to invest in training and (ii) increasing the fiscal and managerial autonomy of universities and colleges, and increasing private participation in higher education. Better information flows are needed: high-speed national research and education networks accelerate the pace of new discoveries and the expansion of knowledge. Information-related actions could include expediting the allocation of radio and wireless broadband spectrums, increasing targeted subsidies for rolling out rural mobile and broadband, and agreeing on an organizational structure to deploy and manage a national research and education network. gt;> India can benefi t from supporting efforts to create and commercialize knowledge, help in diffusing existing global and local knowledge and by increasing the capacity of smaller enterprises to engross it. Private enterprises need to increase R&D spending. Between 1998 and 2003, multinational corporations spent $1. 3 billion on R&D in India—showing that its valuable assets could be exploited more effectively. Measures to spur private R&D could include consolidating and expanding early-stage technology development programs as well as developing a policy and action plan to use public procurement to promote innovation. New domestic knowledge needs to be converted to commercial use. Of the top50 applicants for patents in India between 1995 and 2005, 44 were foreign firms. Only six were Indian. Actions to promote commercialization and strengthen links among industry, universities and public laboratories could include providing support to technology transfer offices, creating a patent management corporation, developing technology parks and incubators and improving India’s regime for intellectual property rights. India should also consider enhancing support for higher-risk technology R&D and commercialization by strengthening its New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative and by opening the program to international collaboration and giving grants to both research institutions and private enterprises, with sharing of any resulting royalties. The Diaspora needs to be tapped more effectively. About 20 million people i. e. 2 percent India’s population earn the equivalent of two-third of India’s GDP. Steps to tap more efficiently tap India’s overseas talent could include supporting a larger Diaspora network, building on existing groups that aggregate this population’s (NRIs’) talent and capital for use in India. >> India would benefit from fostering more inclusive innovation—by promoting more formal R&D efforts for poor people and more creative proletariat efforts by them, by improving the ability of informal enterprises to exploit existing knowledge. Inclusive innovation can play a critical role in lowering the costs of goods and services and in creating income-earning opportunities for poor people. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research has developed technology applications for rural India, university and formal private initiatives e. g. e-Choupal. To leverage traditional knowledge into revenue, a policy-oriented intellectual property rights think tank could propose how to implement a cheaper intellectual property regime. Finally, successful technology upgrading programs could be extended to help informal and rural enterprises make better use of existing knowledge. ENTREPRENEURSHIP: Entrepreneurship represents a mindset. It is the skill of finding creative, innovative and profitable solutions to problems and to be paradigm pliant. An entrepreneur is someone who assumes the financial risk of the initiation, operation and management of a business. They aren't generally high-risk takers when they can't affect the outcome of the situation. They tend to set realistic and achievable goals, and when they do take risks, they're usually calculated ones based on facts and experience, rather than instincts. Entrepreneurs are participants not observers, players not fans. And to be an entrepreneur is to be an optimist, to believe that with the right amount of time and resources, you can do anything. Why is the US more prosperous than India? Is it because we Indians are less smart than Americans? No, Indians are universally known for their intelligence. Is it because they have greater resources? No, India is as much if not more rich in natural resources. Then, why is the US more prosperous than India? The US is more prosperous simply because they have more entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs have a big role to play in driving India’s growth. With a slower economy, it is vital that government; academic world and regulatory bodies create a favourable environment for entrepreneurs to flourish. Entrepreneurship is a critical element of a growth economy and India is poised to unlock a Silicon Valley like entrepreneurial boom through the next 10 years. If India needs to eradicate poverty, we have to grow. To grow, we have to employ the unemployed. NASSCOM and CII have estimated that if India wants to be a developed country by 2020, it needs to create 10 million jobs. The million-dollar question is how these jobs are going to be created. Neither the Army nor the police force can soak up such a large number, nor can the Railways or the government. They can only be engrossed by the private sector. The industrial set-up is expanding, but not at the rate that can employ such large numbers. Is there any solution to this grave problem? Fortunately, YES, the answer is entrepreneurship. As per TiE (The IndUS Entrepreneurs- a non-profit organization, promoting entrepreneurship) each entrepreneur creates 30 jobs. An entrepreneur creates jobs, setting stage for a flourishing economy. Over 30% of Microsoft employees are Indians. The NASA relies on Indian brains for its various missions. IIT graduates are considered the worlds brightest. Why do these people flock to the US, simply because the US has more opportunities? What can we do to stop this self-ruining brain drain? The answer lies in promoting entrepreneurship. The beginnings are already in place, steps have been taken in the right direction. There is an overall shortage of start-up entrepreneurs in India compared to the rest of the world. One of the most significant deficiencies an Indian entrepreneur may face revolves around capital. Although there is ample willingness to invest capital in a well-established enterprise, there is little willingness to fund start-ups. The quality and quantity of venture capital in India is low. The benefits of entrepreneurship to the society and the economy as a whole are enormous. Entrepreneurship helps in avoidance of monopolies and cartels and help in checking large corporations and MNCs. Entrepreneurs realize the tremendous demand for goods abroad and help to market the surplus. This will make the Indian market export competitive and at the same time, the MADE IN INIDIA brand more acceptable. The surplus footstock which would have been otherwise rotting in the government storehouse, can be exported, thus earning foreign exchange. The government gets rid of the excess stock while the exporter earns revenue, leading to a win-win situation. An important factor influencing FDI, from developed nations to developing nations is the concentration of entrepreneurship. FDI is directly proportional to entrepreneurship. The highest contributor of FDI is the US. The US readily welcomes Indian exports and also lists Indian companies on American exchanges. No wonder NASDAQ rocks on the beats of Infosys Chairman, NR Narayan Murthy. So, the message is clear; we need more entrepreneurs. It is high time, the government realizes that only and only ntrepreneurship can help it grow at the high rate and rethinks its policies. To unleash its entrepreneurship potential, India needs to develop the following strategies Nurture early stage entrepreneurial ventures based on technology and innovation. Create physical infrastructure and support systems necessary for business incubation activities. Facilitate networking with professional resources that include mentors, experts, consultants and advisors for the incubated companies. Identify technologies/ innovations which have potential for commercial ventures. Promote and foster the spirit of entrepreneurship. Carry out activities that facilitate knowledge creation, innovation and entrepreneurship activities.

How does Hosseini create drama and tension in the rape scene Essays

How does Hosseini create drama and tension in the rape scene Essays How does Hosseini create drama and tension in the rape scene Paper How does Hosseini create drama and tension in the rape scene Paper Hosseini uses a variety of techniques to foreshadow Hassans rape. Pathetic fallacy, a literary device that uses the weather, is a powerful tool in reflecting the feelings and events happening to the main characters. Reference to the beautiful day with fresh snow and blameless blue skies lulls the reader into a sense of false security- the day seems to have no fault for Hassan and Amir. It contrasts sharply with the overcast skies that seem to settle in permanently, following Hassans rape. This has dismal, depressing connotations, almost as if the weather is in mourning.Hassan and Amir are on a pedestal: together, the boys have faced their biggest victory against their antagonistic arch-enemy, Assef, a powerful cruel teenage Pashtun. By using a series of simple and complex sentences, the reader is taken on the victorious journey of being a kite running winner with Amir. Then the moment came/ I closed my eyes and loosened my grip on the string Every emotion, look, feeling and smell is heightened at this precise moment so when Hosseini writes that Amir next sees Hassan smile unabashedly, twenty-six years later the feeling of unease begins. It builds up suspense as the reader is forced to wonder why Amir would state that.Amirs excitement at winning is reflected in his racing thoughts; in my head, I had it all planned/ Id make a grand entrance/a hero/ prized trophy in my bloodied hands/a dramatic moment of silence. It almost seems too good to be true that Amir could get through a day completely happy even though ironically, it would be the first time Baba showed true affection and pleasure for Amir. We are reminded that he is just a child, with a childs thoughts when Amir imagines a life happily ever after.The mounting concern for Hassan is unmistakable; Amir wants to be able to present the kite to confirm his position as a champion. He knows Hassan has gone to look for the kite, and as Hassan never lies, his prolonged absence prompts Amir to look for him. I need to find him, Agha, Amir tells an old man. At this point Hosseini uses repetition [still] no sign of Hassan to break up Amirs ramblings thoughts of what is happening in the streets around him. Its an indirect way of telling the reader that this will clearly be a memory so vivid, itll be impossible to forget. It also shows how tense Amir is in his search for Amir as its human nature to ramble when nervous.The voices that lead Amir to Hassan cause him to peek around the corner. The repetition of those words from Chapter one (where there is a chorological shift in the story) tell us that no matter how many years pass, in his minds eye, Amir is always peeking around the corner but never helping, never stopping the incident. The imagery is haunting; Hassans discarded brown corduroy pants the dark alley and the vivid blue kite all in one. Simultaneously, Amir experiences seeing his greatest victory and greatest regret in one which highlights the books major themes of unatoned sins, failures and successes. The climax of the scene is written in short, simple sentences, Hassan didnt struggle/didnt whimper/looked resigned/ the look of a lamb to create a sense of finality, the emotional shift from childhood and innocence to remorse and corruption.Earlier in the novel, Amir, in his first person narrative voice, tells the reader that he and Hassan have grown up experiencing everything together; and the irony in this is that they both experience their first real tragedy together too .

Information About the Magic Mineral Shungite

Information About the Magic Mineral Shungite Shungite is a hard, lightweight, deep black stone with a magic reputation that is well exploited by crystal therapists and the mineral dealers who supply them. Geologists know it as a peculiar form of carbon produced by metamorphism of crude oil. Because it has no detectable molecular structure, shungite belongs among the mineraloids. It represents one of Earths very first oil deposits, from deep in Precambrian time. Where Shungite Comes From The lands around Lake Onega, in the western Russian republic of Karelia, are underlain by rocks of Paleoproterozoic age, approximately 2 billion years old. These include the metamorphosed remains of a great petroleum province, including both the oil shale source rocks and bodies of crude oil that migrated out of the shales. Evidently, once upon a time, there had been a large area of brackish-water lagoons near a chain of volcanoes: the lagoons bred enormous numbers of one-celled algae and the volcanoes produced fresh nutrients for the algae and sediment that quickly buried their remains. (A similar setting is what produced the abundant oil and gas deposits of California during Neogene time.) Later in time, these rocks were subjected to mild heat and pressure that rendered the oil into almost pure carbon- shungite. Properties of Shungite Shungite looks like especially hard asphalt (bitumen), but its classified as a pyrobitumen because it does not melt. It also resembles anthracite coal. My shungite sample has a semimetallic luster, a Mohs hardness of 4, and a well-developed conchoidal fracture. Roasted over a butane lighter, it bursts into splinters and emits a faint tarry odor, but it does not easily burn. There is a lot of misinformation circulating about shungite. It is true that the first natural occurrence of fullerenes was documented in shungite in 1992; however, this material is absent in most shungite and amounts to a few percent in the richest specimens. Shungite has been examined at the highest magnification and found to have only vague and rudimentary molecular structure. It has none of the crystallization of graphite (or, for that matter, of diamond). Uses for Shungite Shungite has long been considered a healthful substance in Russia, where since the 1700s its been used as a water purifier and disinfectant just as we use activated carbon today. This has given rise over the years to a host of overstated and poorly supported claims by mineral and crystal therapists; for a sample just do a search on the word shungite. Its electrical conductivity, typical of graphite and other forms of pure carbon, has led to a popular belief that shungite can counteract the supposed harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation from things like cell phones. A producer of bulk shungite, Carbon-Shungite Ltd., supplies industrial users for more prosaic purposes: steelmaking, water treatment, paint pigments and fillers in plastic and rubber. All of these purposes are substitutes for coke (metallurgical coal) and carbon black. The company also claims benefits in agriculture, which may be related to the intriguing properties of biochar. And it describes the use of shungite in electrically conductive concrete. Where Shungite Gets Its Name Shungite gets its name from the village of Shunga, on the shore of Lake Onega.

Examining the Role of Parents in Supporting Their Child with Autism in Assignment

Examining the Role of Parents in Supporting Their Child with Autism in Mainstream Education - Assignment Example Thus, it is essential that the children and young individuals diagnosed with autism are provided with necessary supports by their parents, teachers or any other individuals associated with them. This paper deals with examining the role of parents in supporting their child with autism in mainstream education. Explaining Autism Autism can be related with behaviourally defined condition that is caused by various known and unknown biologically centred brain disorders which severely affect the development of brains’ ability to effectively handle information. In other terms, autism is considered as a neurodevelopmental disorder (Zander, 2004). According to the National Institute of Mental Health, â€Å"Autism is a group of developmental brain disorders, collectively called autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The term "spectrum" refers to the wide range of symptoms, skills, and levels of impairment, or disability, that children with ASD can have† (National Institute of Mental Heal th, 2011). The intensity of its symptoms is perceived to be varying on children. Some children are moderately impaired while others may be severely impaired by its symptoms (Fombonne, 2003). The people with autism have been identified to share certain similar symptoms such as highly focused interests, problems with communication, social interaction and repetitive activities (King & Bearman, 2011). Furthermore, it is recognised that there has been a rapid increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism. It has been ascertained that autism has emerged to be more common than it was perceived previously. The recent publications dealing with Autism... This paper stresses that autism is firmly related with collective brain disorder which is known as autism spectrum disorder. Children and young people diagnosed with autism face severe lifelong impacts due to this medical condition. However, the intensity of autism symptoms may vary from one individual to the other. Usually, autism can be related with impairment in communication, imagination and social interaction. In general, it has been identified that autistic children suffer from mental retardation. In this relation, Morton has illustrated three models namely biological, behavioral and cognitive under which autism can be associated and defined. It has been stated that over the last few decades, autism prevalence has dramatically increased in the UK. This report makes a conclusion that the role of parents’ involvement for autistic children in their mainstream educational environment has been perceived to be of great importance. It has been identified that parents in partnership with schools can act effectively in changing the behavior of autistic children and thereby they can assist in improving the life of autistic children and young people. In the recent times, the UK government has initiated several policies in order to seek significant engagement of parents towards the mainstream educational environment of autistic children and young people. The author declares that there have been significant parental support strategies that are taken in order to mitigate the problems and issues related with learning and development of disabled children.

Livia 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Livia 2 - Essay Example Janaina Tschà ¤pe was born in Brazil where she lived for most of her life. She got her education in New York and Germany and currently resides in the United States. Paintings in watercolor and oil, photographic and video, and watercolor drawings constitute the survey Janaina Tschà ¤pe: Chimera as organized by curator Rachael Thomas. In most of her works, she employs themes such as danger of beauty, seductions of natures as well as the establishment of personal versions and themes in regard to mythical stories in the context of the themes. Examples include chimera, lemanja, the Brazilian water spirit, mermaids, and sirens. In most instances, most of her works are in regard to a relationship with her body as well as the body’s perception of the world thereby replacing her human body in and with sites of mythical exchange. It is complicated to denote the meanings of these representations and the questions of many are whether these images are results of imagination or mutants as a result of the polluted environment. It is up to the audience to decide on the most viable interpretation in regard to personal experiences and opinions (Janaina & Victoria

The Politics of the Hijab Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Politics of the Hijab - Case Study Example da is constitutionally and professedly a multicultural nation that supports religious and cultural diversity, actually speaking Canada is not that tolerant of the religious rights of minority communities. In that context Hijab relates to the assertion of political, cultural and gender identity in a Canadian context. The young Muslim women in Canada see Hijab as an umbilical cord that ties them to their culture and endows them with community acceptance and sustenance, as they move out in the larger Canadian society to eke out their identity at their own terms. Hijab allows women to deny the patriarchal practices typical to their culture of origin while allowing them to solicit familial and community support as they adapt to the Western way of life. Many young Canadian Muslim women also use Hijab to assert their cultural identity in a society dominated by majority norms and as an expression of their religious pity, modesty and political beliefs. Thereby, Hijab is not a monolithic symbol of patriarchal oppression, but carries a range of meanings and implications. It is true that Hijab is used as a way of oppressing women in many totalitarian Muslim nations (Lazreg, 2009). Yet, using this fact to assign a singular meaning related to patriarchal dominance to Hijab is unjust and wrong (Elver, 2012). Many a times some sections of the majority community in Canada associate simplistically derogatory meanings with Hijab, not because they care about women rights, but because the Hijab stands out as a potent symbol of a minority culture and identity. It sounds really modern to use the ploy of women rights, while demeaning a symbol of minority identity and religion (Scott, 2007). There are also sections of the majority community who do genuinely believe that the Hijab worn by the young Muslim women in Canada conveys their surrender before the patriarchal domination. This is actually a gross misconception. For many young Muslim women in Canada, Hijab is a thing that keeps

Internationalization And Globalization Strategy Business Essay

Internationalization And Globalization Strategy Business Essay This paper attempts to explore the notion of regionalisation in the global context and critically analyse the theory and practice of regional strategy as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino analysis. Globalization, Regionalisation, Regional Strategy Theory. Executive Summary It is clear enough that in todays era it is extremely critical for firms to adopt global and regional business strategies in order to attain sustainable competitive advantage. But the question arises regarding classification of a MNE (Multinational Enterprise) as a global firm. This essay critically analyses the work on regional strategy as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino and attempts to cover the following aspects in detail. Notion of Globalization and Global Strategy This section highlights the notion of globalization and way organizations today establish a global presence by adoption of unique business strategies. This part also details the three different kind of global strategies. Regional Strategy Analysis This part analyzes the theory and practice of regional strategy concept of Globalization in particular as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino (2008). It aims to justify that in todays era very few global firms exists and secondly that sufficient amount of international business literature and theory is required to draw reflection on regional vs global MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) strategy. The Theory of the Regional Strategy This section explains the concept of regional strategy analysis and illustrates the various regional theories as explained by Osegowitsch and Sammartino. Introduction With the concept of globalization and internationalization gaining more and more momentum everyday, this essay attempts to critically analyse the work of Osegowitsch and Sammartino on regional strategy. It starts with explaining the concept of globalisation and global strategy and tries to justify that in todays era very few global firms exist. Secondly, it tries to establish that significant amount of international business literature and theory is demanded in order to draw conclusion on regional vs global MNEs strategy by exploring the theory of regional strategy. Notion of Globalization and Global Strategy Globalization can be defined as a complex concept which enables firms to operate in various continents and countries across the globe in order to improve and maximise their profit margins, sustainability, worldwide existence and economies of scale (Blyton et al., 2001, p446). Globalization provides platform not only to consumers but also to organizations to help them satisfy their needs globally. According to Marquardt Berger (2003, p286), Trade, Travel, Technology and Television are the four major developments that have resulted in Globalization. The four Ts of global development are the outcome of human brain and its creative innovations. These advancements have further encouraged and made possible continuous exchange of ideas, information and knowledge between human resources by breaking the barriers of distance. Moving ahead, Bratton Gold (2007, p92) state that Globalization is a global process of political convergence, social economies and national sentiments, in which space, time and Government are not given much importance. The paragraph below will now highlight the three different views on global strategy. The First view states that the global strategy is one of the particular and specific forms of Multinational Enterprise (MNE) Strategy. Further, it highlights the fact that Globalization considers all the countries of the world alike (Levitt, 1983, p97). The Second view considers global strategy as International Strategic Management (Bruton et al., 2004, p418) which is no doubt wider concept than global strategy mentioned in the first view. Lastly, the third view describes global strategy in even broader term; The strategy of the firms that exist all over the globe and this can be concluded as the firms theory of how to become a successful competitor (Peng, 2006). Having discussed the various forms of global strategies which are adopted by firms today, this essay now moves ahead to analyse the theory and practice of regional strategy concept of Globalization in particular as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino (2008). It aims to justify that in todays era very few global firms exists and secondly that sufficient amount of international business literature and theory is required to draw reflection on regional vs global MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) strategy. The Regional Strategy Theories According to Rugman and Verbeke (2007), recent literature on globalization suggests that a firm is categorised as global if maximum 50% of its total sales are in its home territory (EU) and minimum 20% of sales in each of the NAFTA zone and Asia. He adds to it by bringing to surface the outcome of survey based upon this theory that indicated only nine global firms in Fortune Global 500 and also the orientation of numerous firms towards the home-region. In response to the above mechanism for classifying the firm as global, Osegowitsch and Sammartino (OS) (2008) have provided three basic criteria and comments that can be helpful in future classification of firms according to their geographic sales dispersion. Firstly, OS suggest that it is not appropriate to classify statistical data straightaway. It should be realised that since this is a growing area of research, usage of any kind of classification tool is open to criticisms as it is not simply the categorization of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) following particular regional strategy theories. As an example, OS focus on building and having strong position in the region by illustrating that if the EU, NAFTA region and Asia represents 90% of the total world sales output, an absolute division would require all the three regional triads to have 30% sales each and not 33.3% in order to encourage the strategy of lower thresholds. In other words, a firm can be defined as global if it has at least 20% of the total sales in the two host-triad regions and without any kind of imposition on the maximum sales threshold in the home territory (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007, p2). Additionally, it should also be noted that it is not at all relevant to cat egorize a firm as having strong position in the market if its threshold is lower than 20% of the total sales. OS even conducted a simulation using threshold value as 10% of the net sales in order to identify a string position in the host region as it would result to USD $1 billion even for the smallest of the Fortune Global 500 firms. But unfortunately, it didnt present a strong position and can by no means be considered as an essence for strategic decision making in the worlds largest organizations. OS clearly argues that using various thresholds is helpful in assessing the sensitivity of firms positions in the classification system but the main function should always be to provide an assessment of the Future Global 500 and to easily track firms whose thresholds are continuously changing from one category of threshold to another. A clear example of this is Nokia which encountered a 4% decline in sales in the year 2002. However, this change in sales pattern reflected a short term fa ilure in inter-regional growth but OS criticizes that it cannot be simply neglected. Movement of Nokia from a global organization in 2001 towards a home based firm in 2001 was a remarkable concern. In one line, it can be stated that having threshold below 20% simply leads to generation of more bi-regional firms and which cant be regarded as truly global organizations. Moving ahead, the second regional strategy criterion which OS highlights is that the sales variations are highly industry specific. According to OS, industry plays a significant role and all future researched should aim at exploring the regional vs global strategies at the industry specific levels and try to establish the difference. It is truism that a majority of firms are not properly internationalized and their sizes varies across regions but then its some of the worlds biggest MNEs that have constantly been regarded as capable of compensating for the weaknesses of the other sectors in different regions of the world. The main point to be considered is that our analysis are independent of differential size of numerous industries that exist across the region, as MNEs are able to establish regional markets and to further develop insufficient markets. Lastly, in third comment it is argued that it would be irrelevant to prefer regional strategy over global strategy. Regional strategies come into existence when it becomes very difficult or impossible to adopt conventional global strategies efficiently, or when they fail to function, keeping in mind that global strategies cannot be evaluated in isolation. Further, it can be said that heterogeneous geographic space beyond the home country border is essential for most of the companies now if not all of them. Moving ahead, this section of the essay will now make an attempt to tackle the criticism formed by OS concerning the contribution of regional strategy to the international business theory. According to (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007, p3), the regional strategy is structured around three simple but fundamental empirical observations which demand international business theory to be extended and enhanced. First of all, only a small number of MNEs have a balanced geographical sales distribution pattern across the global market, although it counts towards the risk diversification at the downstream end of the value chain. OS illustrate that a balanced and structured distribution of sales geographically would contribute towards enhanced global acceptance by the customers of the companys products and services. With only the exception of resource-based industries, the triad comprising the EU, NAFTA region and Asia demonstrates a first cut though not certainly a fixed one mechanism to identify the extent to which an MNEs net sales are distributed worldwide. Further, this triad has gained so much importance as it is the home of worlds most large MNEs as well as the locus for a number of outstanding innovations in most industrial sectors. The triad also demonstrates the world demand pattern for most knowledge intensive services and goods. But its unfortunate to mention that only a small number of MNEs in the Fortune Global 500 are capable of performing equally well in each of the three regions of the triad. It is often observed that a strong position in the home-triad region is not supported with an equally strong position in both the other two remaining triad environments. Classification tools are now irrelevant as among the firms with international operations only a small percentage are truly global i.e. may be even less than 5% (Ghemawat and Ghadar, 2006). They further add to it and state that different firms rule in different parts of the world. Second wing of the regional strategy focuses on the fact that several MNEs have regional features in the organizational structure such as geographic divisions and having individual divisions for different regions is supported mainly by the concept of regional heterogeneity demanding idiosyncratic management. In this case, the intra-regional institutional and economic distance is not just smaller but also very different from that of the interregional. It has been observed that for most MNEs, managing operations and work system in EU is very different from functioning system of the NAFTA region or as compared with the work cultural of Asian environment. These differences may further be enhanced if the work unit is further subdivided into smaller units. Fratiannin (2006) states that these differences in work system signal the importance of regional level in the business strategy and structure of MNEs. Today, almost all big firms such as Toyota, General Electric (GE) have embedded region al elements in their business and operational strategies and these companies are often wrongly referred to as global organizations not just because of lack of balanced geographic distribution but also because of their world wide global operations and manufacturing (Ghemawat, 2005, p102). Thirdly, it should be noted that more than fifty percent of the geographic area in terms of sales is normally the main source of the firms cash flows and the centre point of most of the firms both tangible and intangible assets. In the coming years, the concept of having more than 50% sales in the home territory would not be significant enough in EU and North America specifically but it would gain momentum in Asian region as intra-regional distance is minimizing and thereby driven by a reduction of investment barriers and trade. Competition among industries would be more prevalent at the regional level instead of the national level. OC highlight that attention should now be laid on the development of classification tool that will help bundle the home country sales with the sales in the remainder of the home territory rather than paying attention separately to the sales in the home region and remaining of the home region especially for MNEs based in Asia and EU. Moving ahead, the above discussed observations and theories clearly demonstrate the need for an extended international business theory. These observations are independent of specific categorization approaches to measure specific home-region vs rest-of-the-world market position of MNEs. A trend has always been seen that all the MNEs are much stronger in their home regions as compared to that in other triad regions. These top MNE firms have formulated their organizational structures around the regional component and a varying market position in each region raises call for a regional approach rather than a global strategy approach. The paragraph below now will bring to surface the three main components for the extension on mainstream international business theory (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007, p3). Firstly, it is noticed that impact of country border does not provide strong basis for distinguishing between non- location bound (or internationally deployable/exploitable) and location bound. In todays period of excess regionalization, it is very easy for some companies to exploit and deploy their strengths throughout the home country border. Further, proxies for internationally transferable FSAs such as firms level predictors of internationalization like firms level of RD do not hold much importance in explaining intra-regional expansion occurring in home region, given the distance gap between the home country and rest of the home region is very less. As a result of well-functioning trans-European transport and logistics networks enabling fast response and just in time strategies covering the whole continent, the significance of geographic distance has decreased in EU. The EU integration process itself has let to decrease in Institutional distance. Further, Economic distance has l ost its relevance because of many reasons such as development of new services and products at par with European level, possibility of cross border shopping made possible by web based searches, continuous attempts made by many companies to gain scale and scope efficiencies at the European level and lastly, increased importance of EU as a geographic space to ascertain companys conduct, structure and importance. Finally, decreased significance of conventional measures of cultural distance mainly in the business to business area as it is easy to get labour in Europe, considerable increase in use of English as the lingua franca inside the region. On sharp contrast between past and present position of conventional location bound FSAs it can be clearly stated that previously they allowed firm expansion only upto country borders but now it can be easily upgraded, and made deployable and exploitable even beyond the home country borders and also in other home region countries. Secondly, their is a need to reconsider the fact that non-location-bound FSAs like technological knowledge or brand can be easily exploited and deployed nationwide. Today also it is necessary to complement existing FSA bundles with an additional FSA bundle in high distance environments which implies distance still plays an important role. According to Ghemawat (2005, p104), there are several ways to differentiate between low and high distance environments, one major distinction being that between home regions and host regions in a triad context. Moreover, it is clear that extension and scope of mainstream international theory is free from any scholars disagreeing with the concept of the triad region as the best proxy to discriminate between low-distance environments (in this case the home-triad region) and high-distance environment (in this case the two host-triad regions). High distance implies to making more substantial investments in order to complement its present FSA bundles, al so enabling maximum and profitable exploitation in the host region environment. Here, the apparent trade off becomes obvious: further the efforts to expand the high-distance environment may not be proved to be as successful and profitable as the expansion of low distance environment, even if it is suggested by macro-level parameters which measure the attractiveness of the high-distance environment that they have strong location advantages. As stated by Nachum and Wymbs (2007, p240) in regard to global cities that FSAs and location advantages are dependent on each other. High distance bundles also has many risk factors along with it like melding the extant FSA bundles with newly developed or accessed resources in the high distance environment may lead to burdened with several operational problems, decreased or disappointing sales, as exemplified by the retreat of some of the worlds largest MNEs from high-distance contexts, for example, Wal-Marts exit from Germany and Korea. . Thirdly, the theoretical difference between the two FSAs namely location bound and non-location bound FSAs assume conventionally easy developments and profitable exploitation of FSAs (like brand names or technological knowledge of proprietary) across borders. Moreover, it is very essential to acclimatize the brief contents of these two concepts to the authenticity of regionalization. More particularly, the factors that determine the extent of FSAs are, its distance accompanied by its geographic, institutional, economic and cultural components. The level at which a FSA should be called location-bound vs non-location bound is estimated by decay in value across a space. On the basis of terms like region bound nature of FSAs and the liability of inter regional foreignness it has been highlighted that for international business other geographic borders hold more importance than conventional country borders in our previous study. After studying the concepts and theories of regional strategy, we now try to establish the extent to which Procter Gamble could be categorized as a global firm in terms of its business and operational strategies. The Case of Procter Gamble Procter Gamble Co. One of the worlds leading consumer goods manufacturer such as Tide, Pantene, Ariel etc was established in 1837 from an original candle and soap company. The firm now operates in 180 nations with more than 138,000 employees. According to Lafley, A. G., Chairman of the Board and chief Executive Officer, PG, the firm has over 171 years of history and has always been driven by creativity and innovation. Additionally, improved sales and long term success have always been the strategic goals of this corporation. And it understands the fact that these goals can be attained by constantly appreciating changing consumers needs, innovation, branding and market needs. Depending entirely on skunk work such as acquisitions, internal RD and selective innovations has proved to be inefficient and insufficient for attaining the business target of $4 billion business in a time period of one year. It can be clearly seen that invent- it-ourselves model along with global research facilities and recruiting and holding of the best talent nationwide attained success till the year 2000 but nowadays satisfying high levels of top line growth has become a big challenge for an organization The approach through which the radical strategy of open innovation helped an organization attain its business mission and goal can be typified in the following lines. To face the challenge, PG adopted a brand new technique of innovation: Develop and Connect model in the year 2000 which lays great importance on searching good and new ideas and information outside and bringing them in, in order to give internal capabilities a boost and make most out of them. With the perspective of manufacturing improved and relatively cheaper products faster the business strategy involved in this model was to leverage assets of people, products and property available externally and applying it to their respective RD labs, purchasing, market capabilities and production. The foremost work of this strategy is to recognize top ten preferences and needs of the consumer. Moreover, it is very essential that the customers are fully satisfied by the products manufactured and which will finally result in increased sales and profit. Moving ahead, alike products or related technologies which already exist in the market and occupy good position are recognized. Lastly, analysing the influence of technological acquisition of one area over the other areas. Networking is the backbone of this approach. Along with having business collaborations with open networking companies such as InnoCentive and Ninesigma, the PG group has long chain of suppliers and technological entrepreneurs worldwide. They play a crucial role by finding solutions to PG internal problems in the outside world. Thus, by constructing such type of infrastructure PG has been able to reduce its investment in technology along with achieving stable top line growth and required sustainability. According to Huston, L. Sakkab, N., 2000, p.3 by shifting to Connect and Develop model their has been a remarkable increment in our RD production by 60% and the progress rate of innovation has undoubtedly doubled. The Procter Gamble figures out how an organization can maximize its profitability levels by switching to new and annovative The Procter Gamble examples mirrors the way how switching to new and innovative approaches of using information and technology can help maximise profit margins. It is one of the organisations which has developed enabling infrastructure fabricated around innovation with a huge world wide network combining human capital, ideas and technology. Conclusion This essay has brought to surface a number of strategies which can help firms to establish strong positions globally like having a threshold of 20% etc. The main aim which was to justify that a firm cannot be simply categorized as global based upon statistical data has been justified. A number of measures have also been illustrated which can help differentiate the firms regional strategy from the global strategy.